Essay on How Heros and Villains Have Envolved Since...

Everyone has a different perspective today about heroes and villains than what they thought back in the ancient times. During the ancient times, the Greek concept of a hero was different from our own cultures. As the years passed, the overall concept of what a hero changed dramatically then what they thought years ago. A hero is a literary figure, of course, but here, too, we need caution so that we don’t misapply our own cultural ideas and standards to the ancient Greek hero. You may ask, what is a hero? How can you describe a villain? But everyone will have a different answer to these questions. We all have different points of views on what a hero or a villain can be. What people thought a hero was back then is way different then what†¦show more content†¦In this poem, Archilles is aware of the possibility of receive kleos. When Odysseus goes to see Archilles, he catches him singing ‘the glories of men’. Archilles is acting as a poet and he is singing the songs about heroic deeds. Odysseus offered many riches and prizes if Archilles will return to battle. Archilles tells Odysseus (Iliad 9.410-416): â€Å"My mother Thetis tells me that there are two ways in which I may meet my end. If I stay here and fight, I shall lose my safe homecoming but I will have a glory that is unwilling: whereas if I go home my glory will die, but it will be a long time before the outcome of death shall take me.† The songs that were sung for heroes o f ancient Greece and all the honors that were given to them in worship and festivals, such as athletic festivals, celebrated in their honor, are attempt to â€Å"give money† for the death of the hero. Because the death can never be made up, these honors were ongoing and never ending. These festivals are preformed on seasonally basic and anyone who participates in this worship believes that it will continue forever, and the hero to be immortalized, to live forever. What do people define the word â€Å"hero† today as? Today a hero means someone who carefully thought out and courageously overcomes a struggle, an obstacle for the help of helping others without any thinking of any danger they put themselves in. What is the purpose of heroes? Why do we need

MeasuringOrganizationInnovativeness Free Essays

Measuring innovation is an important issue, as business growth and profitability in the knowledge age depend on innovation. Continual acceleration in innovation will sustain revenue growth, which will then fuel more innovation. Therefore, sustainable growth requires sustainable innovation, which requires that innovation be institutionalized and its output made predictable. We will write a custom essay sample on MeasuringOrganizationInnovativeness or any similar topic only for you Order Now Sound policy analysis and decision-making also requires credible, timely and relevant measurements as well. Measuring innovation has been studied extensively by scholars and practitioners. There is even an merging â€Å"innovation economics† susceptible that explores the complex relationship between investments in innovation and financial outcomes. At the practitioner end, leading consultancies-?Boston Consulting Group, McKinney Company, and Bozo Allen Hamilton, to name just a few-?examine innovation and ways to nurture it within firms and other organizations. 3 Purpose of the study This study aims to provide an overview on how to measure/ assess innovation capability of an organization. The main objective is to enrich our understanding of the innovation process; with an intention to come up with n integrated, convenient, effective, and accurate measure for innovativeness in Egyptian CIT organizations. Our approach for the intended measure would be to focus on a few high impact dimensions, rather than attempting a shotgun approach along many dimensions at once, with significant implications for innovation portfolio strategy. 4 Why the need for Innovation measures (rational)? Assist companies in understanding their current innovation practices/ capabilities, and clarifies where the organization needs to focus to maximize innovation success. Assist TIES to tailor programs to address areas of weakness in order to enhance innovation process capabilities for Egyptian CIT organization as well as advocate policy makers with polices that promote the innovation. Identifies areas of strength to capitalize on, and identifies opportunities for increasing innovation. Assist TIES to identify and control the barriers that stifle creativity and innovation. Developing Firm-level Innovativeness Index for the sector companies. Benchmarking Egyptian organization with international top innovative companies. Spreading the awareness of the importance of innovation concept and fostering the innovation culture in the organization Methodology 1. Literature review on Innovation process models and measurement frameworks Diamond model Innovation Funnel Innovation Value Chain – VIC ( Hansen and Bikini’s Innovation Value Chain, 2007) OSLO Manual Innovation measurement Framework 2. Literature review for some innovation metrics/ innovation audit white papers/ working papers and grey literature. . Investigating some top firm-level innovation indexes, and their corresponding methodologies as well as reviewing different innovation audit/ management tools, studying different innovation dimensions of focus, and analysis techniques such as: I-Innocent Ion-Biz assessment Improve -Europe Minivan Innovation for Growth 4. Review Of some white paper s in innovation in developing countries. 6 Innovation definition According to the definition adopted by TIES, Innovation is ‘the introduction of a new product, service, or process through a certain business model into the marketplace, either by utilization or by centralization†. Hence, it encompasses: product innovation, service innovation, Process innovation, and business model innovation, and all contribute to strengthen the competitive advantage of a certain company. This definition respects the fact that innovation is a complex and multidimensional activity that cannot be measured directly or with a single indicator, and hence the need to have a composite measure that reflected the organization innovative capability for the purpose of benchmarking, diagnoses, and supporting building up innovation culture and practices in Egyptian CIT firms. Innovation Activities definition Innovation activities are all scientific, technological, organizational, financial and commercial Steps which actually, or are intended to, lead to the implementation of innovations. Some innovation activities are themselves innovative, others are not novel activities but are necessary for the implementation of innovations. Innovation activities also include RD that is not directly rel ated to the development of a specific in innovation (Oslo Manual Ever. 3) . Attributes of Innovation Before discussing innovation measurements, it would be of value to learn about the innovation attributes. Innovation has a number of attributes discussed in the literature (Stone et al. , 2008). The key attributes are summarized below: Attribute 1 . Innovation involves the combination of inputs in the creation of outputs. Something novel is created during innovation. Certain crucial inputs must be available for innovation to occur, and the exact nature of those inputs differs depending on the desired outputs and outcomes. How to cite MeasuringOrganizationInnovativeness, Papers

Applications Of Re Using Hazardous Wastes â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Applications Of Re Using Hazardous Wastes? Answer: Introduction Late decades have seen a checked upsurge in mechanical and monetary development, adding to an enhanced personal satisfaction and prosperity for residents. In any case, we ought not dismiss the way that each generation framework makes side-effects and waste items which can influence the earth. These impacts may happen anytime in the item's life-cycle, in the case of amid the underlying period of acquiring crude materials, amid the change and generation stage, amid item appropriation or when the end client must discard items which are never again required. Hazardous waste can be classified into three categories as generalized, exclusionary and inclusionary. Generalized HW affect living things and property adversely, exclusionary HW affect are those wastes excluded by sewage systems and landfills. There are three types of inclusionary HW namely, Generic, Constituents and Characteristics (White and Heckenberg, 2011). Such wastes can be managed in an environment friendly manner by minimizing its generation in a systematic and scientific manner (Saxena and Gupta, 2008). Another method of waste management is by re-using the generated wastes. Wastes can be used to replace construction materials like coarse, fine and cement aggregates depending upon their specific gravity and fineness. The pH value of HW is high thereby increasing its reactivity by varying the temperature. The strength of HW containing pozzolonic properties are high due to plasticity and fineness but reduces the durability. Literature Review Civil Engineering development movement is continuously connected with new improvement and ventures. This can be a lodging venture, modern framework control plants, docks and harbor works and so on., expansive amounts of customary development materials like aluminum, steel, wood, stones, sand, earth, bond solid, blocks are utilized (Vigneswaran, 2009). Manageable advancement implies a pledge to finding what's more, utilizing assets that are sustainable, for which there is a critical need to reuse waste materials which are accessible after devastation and recharging of old structures (Zule et al., 2007). Likewise, other mechanical and agro-squander materials could be suitably used in civil development works. Along these lines, the strength of these materials and the monetary suitability of such applications needs further examination. An imperative clear favorable position is that with reusing of stone, total, blocks and so forth quarrying and digging for stones, and will be diminished. Along these lines the earth surface can be additionally, spared and natural unsettling influences on record of this movement would diminish. For illustration, crude material for blocks fabricating is absolutely earth based. Reuse of blocks implies lesser potential outcomes of expelling fruitful earth, soil grass cover and forestation. This will limit ecological obliteration in finished all terms. With expansive volume of building works, and the urgent need to meet the demands, it is watched that there can be expansive uncontrolled development of block ovens, contributing to ecological decay. Different types of waste materials namely rice husk ashare, reclaimed asphalt pavement, crushed glass, silica fume, cement kiln dust, steel slag, blast-furnace slag, fly and bottom ash, ground tire rubber and tire shreds used in civil engineering applications (Prezzi et al, 2011). As the usage of these wastes increase the exploitation of natural resources decrease. Some of the industrial wastes that are used for construction purpose are (Ramesh et al, 2014). Silica fumes obtained during the production of silicon alloys and could be used in cement production. Copper slag obtained during smelting and refining of copper could be utilized as a substitute for Portland cement. Red mud produced during the production of alumina powder from Bauxite using Bayers process could be used as mortar, bricks and in production of cement. Fly ash produced by thermal power plants which could be used as additives for producing cement. Recycled aggregates could be used in road and building construction, rail projects, flood defenses, geotechnical works and so on (Gagan and Arora, 2015). Some of the advantages of re-using and recycling wastes are as follows (Eslamian, 2016). Generation of new employment opportunities by creating new field of work. Reduction in usage of natural resources. Reduction in the necessity for disposal site for disposing the waste materials. Reduction in emission rates which is generated during the transportation and production and of construction materials. Decrease in environmental damages caused due to the disposal of waste materials. The cost related to the purchase of new raw materials is also reduced. Reduction of global warming and pollution. There are a few impediments and that's just the beginning investigate is expected to investigate further conceivable outcomes, financial matters related to reuse of these waste materials should be evaluated effectively. The closeness of uncombined bond what's more, different pernicious substances can make issues. The broken surfaces left in blocks and totals may create powerless zones and the sturdiness of such reused material is directly hard to evaluate (Selvam and Gopalakrishna, 2016). Hence, the present uses are restricted to nonstructural application and development works. The reuse of waste materials could be significantly more confounded than the reuse of items that were not disposed of and gathered in any case, since they cannot be effectively expelled from controls on squander administration if the consequent proprietor discovers them important (Safiuddin et al, 2010). The sensible reuse of waste can be esteemed as an unlawful practice just in light of the fact that the substance was called squander in any case, as exemplified in law contends there is something incorrect regarding any loss as a potential natural risk since items and materials which are hazardous could be treated as potential risks to the environment. Studies have been carried out on the application of waste rubber aggregates in concrete. The studies focus on the evaluation of mechanical properties and durability of concrete by mixing concrete and rubber and testing specified shapes made from the material. (Ismail and Hassan, 2016). Crumb rubber was used as the replacement for fine and coarse aggregate. The rubber aggregate could enhance several properties of concrete such as energy absorption, strain capacity, impact resistance ductility and so on (Ismail and Hassan, 2016). Evaluation Adding or reusing hazardous wastes in building construction has improved the quality of building construction as suggested by the following works The load carrying capacity of concrete increases with the addition of solid waste fibers (Malagavelli and Paturu, 2011). The properties of aggregates improved by applying a coating of waste plastic over the aggregates. The durability of cement is increased by the addition of fly ash. If fly ash is used properly, then the cost of cement could be saved which would reduce the cost of consumption. Lime-fly ash concrete could be used to construct semi-rigid pavements (Sagar, 2007). The required characteristics of concrete could be achieved by using recycled aggregates (Dhir and Paine, 2010). The performance of Crushed gravel could be reproduced by using recycled aggregates (Marius et al., 2011). The toughness of rubberized concrete was very high but the strength of rubberized concrete decreases with increase in rubber content. As the amount of rubber in concrete increases its strength and modulus of elasticity decreases (Zheng et al., 2008). Addition of rubber in concrete also improves the cube compressive strength density and workability of concrete if it is added as over requirement but beyond a point addition of rubber to concrete would create a negative impact (Mavroulidou et al., 2010). This is fundamental on the off chance that you need to limit the amounts of materials required for the work. Reuse and recuperation functions admirably on structural designing activities which produce expansive amounts of waste like structures, asphalts and earthworks (Mehta et al, 2014). You ought to consider reuse and reusing of materials on location before bringing in materials with high reused content, for instance: Icy reusing of asphalts. Pounding and screening arising for use as reused totals. In-situ remediation or epitome of polluted land. Utilizing geosystems to empower utilization of material on location. Treating soils with cementitious specialists and utilizing using pressurized water bound materials. Fabricating soils nearby utilizing pas 100 manure. Adjusting cut/fill amounts. Outlining site design to utilize existing geology and highlights. Reusing existing establishments, floor sections, asphalts, structures and waste. You won't have the capacity to wipe out the import of materials totally yet you can utilize materials with high reused content. The evaluation of Crumb rubber as a potential replacement for fine and coarse aggregate indicated a rise in the following properties of concrete namely toughness, flexural stiffness and deforming capacity (Ismail and Hassan, 2016). The only constrain was that the percentage of crumb rubber added should not be greater than 20%. (Ismail and Hassan, 2016). With increase in percentage of crumb rubber the properties named above tend to reduce beyond acceptable limits. Engineers can work with temporary workers to distinguish regions where squander is probably going to happen and contribute plan choices and activities to lessen squander through acquirement, for instance: preparatory outline organizes - explore alternatives that are easy to develop and limit squander nitty gritty outline arranges - create work successions and material coordinations designs that will limit squander programming - guarantee work is productive, dodging superfluous waste by over the top modify and accepting the open door to reuse material Outlindecisions amid the definite plan stage will prompt the era of waste nearby - the determination of work estimate for strengthened cement and the particular of geo-synthetic. You can apply techniques to decrease squander through the accompanying: Design - planning auxiliary components which can be developed effectively Specification - composing more tightly particulars of work techniques to keep away from squander and permit the utilization of reused materials Contracts - empowering early contractual worker inclusion You ought to empower the consideration of duties regarding diminishing waste in contracts all through the inventory network. Conclusion The reuse of hazardous wastes in civil engineering applications is a direct result of the prevention of these wastes from being dumped into landfills, the lower cost contrasted with conventional development materials and appropriate engineering properties of the materials. There are a few issues that emerge with the reusing of waste materials. The natural effects related to the reuse of these materials are of prime concern. A decent dominant part of the materials demonstrating potential for reuse originate from modern waste sources. These materials will ordinarily have some natural concerns related with reusing them in civil engineering applications. The strength of the waste materials could be improved by calcination process. The required properties of normal concrete require proper water content. There are chances that the reused materials reduce the durability of the final product. More work has to be done to evaluate the actual performance of the products. References Dhir, R.K. and Paine, K.A. (2010). Value added sustainable use of recycled and secondary aggregates in Concrete. Indian Concrete Journal. pp. 7-26. Eslamian, S. (2016). Urban Water Reuse Handbook. London: CRC Press. Gagan and Arora, S. (2015). Recycled Aggregates: A Sustainable Solution of Construction and Demolished Waste. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering. pp. 58-63. Ismail, M.K. and Hassan, A.A.A. (2016). Performance of Full-Scale Self-Consolidating Rubberized Concrete Beams in Flexure. ACI Materials Journal. 113(2), pp.207-218. Malagavelli, V and Paturu, N.R. (2011) Strength characteristics of concrete using Solid Wastean experimental investigation. International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering. 4, pp. 937-940. Marius, T.M. and Tadu, A. (2011). Use of recycled aggregates in Rigid Pavement construction. Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Lasi Bulletin. pp. 70-78. Mavroulidou, M. and Figueiredo, J. (2010). Discarded tyre rubber as concrete material: A possible outlet for used tyres. Global NEST Journal. 12(4), pp.359-367. Mehta, G., Mehta, A. and Sharma, B. (2014). Selection of Materials for Green Construction: A Review. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering. 11(6), pp. 80-83. Prezzi, M., Bandini, P., Carraro, J.A.H. and Monteiro, P.J.M. (2011). Use of Recyclable Materials in Sustainable Civil Engineering Applications. Advances in Civil Engineering [online]. Available at: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ace/2011/896016/ [Accessed 11 Sept. 2017]. Ramesh, M., Karthic, K.S., Karthikeyan, T. and Kumaravel, A. (2014). Construction Materials from Industrial Wastes A review of Current Practices. International Journal of Environmental Research and Development. 4(4), pp. 317-324. Safiuddin, Md., Jumaat, M.Z., Salam, M.A., Islam, M.S. and Hashim, R. (2010). Utilization of solid wastes in construction materials. International Journal of the Physical Sciences. 5(13), pp.1952-1963. Sagar, A.K. (2007). Use of locally available materials: Fly ash for road construction works. New Delhi: India Infrastructure Report. Saxena, A.K. and Gupta, Y. (2008). Environmentally Sound Management of Hazardous Wastes. Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems [online]. Available at: https://www.eolss.net/Sample-Chapters/C09/E1-08-20-00.pdf. [Accessed 11 Sept. 2017]. Selvam, P.N. and Gopalakrishna, G.V.T. (2016). Recycle of E-Waste in Concrete. International Journal of Science and Research. 5(4), pp. 1590-1593. Vigneswaran, S. (2009). Water and Wastewater Treatment Technologies. Oxford: EOLSS Publishers. White, R. and Heckenberg, D. (2011). What is Hazardous Waste and what makes it hazardous? School of Sociology and Social Work University of Tasmania [online]. Available at: https://www.utas.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/193413/Briefing_Paper_2_What_is_hazardous_waste.pdf. [Accessed 11 Sept. 2017]. Zheng, L., Huo, X. and Yuan, Y. (2008). Strength, Modulus of Elasticity, and Brittleness Index of Rubberized Concrete. Journal of materials in Civil Engineering. 20(11), pp. 692-699. Zule, J., Cemec, F. and Likon, M. (2007). Chemical properties and biodegradability of waste paper mill sludges to be used for landfill covering. Waste Management Research. 25(6), pp. 538-546.

Wiki free essay sample

Text is usually written using a simplified markup language or a rich-text editor. [1][2] While a wiki is a type of content management system, it differs from a blog or most other such systems in that the content is created without any defined owner or leader, and wikis have little implicit structure, allowing structure to emerge according to the needs of the users. The encyclopedia project Wikipedia is the most popular wiki on the public web in terms of page views[citation needed], but there are many sites running many different kinds of wiki software. A wiki is not a carefully crafted site for casual visitors. Instead, it seeks to involve the visitor in an ongoing process of creation and collaboration that constantly changes the Web site landscape. A wiki enables communities to write documents collaboratively, using a simple arkup language and a web browser. A single page in a wiki website is referred to as a wiki page, while the entire collection of pages, which are usually well interconnected by hyperlinks, is the wiki. We will write a custom essay sample on Wiki or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A wiki is essentially a database for creating, browsing, and searching through information. A wiki allows non-linear, evolving, complex and networked text, argument and interaction. [6] A defining characteristic of wiki technology is the ease with which pages can be created and updated. Generally, there is no review before modifications are accepted. Many wikis are open to alteration by the general public without requiring egistration of user accounts. Many edits can be made in real-time and appear almost instantly online. This can facilitate abuse of the system. Private wiki servers require user authentication to edit pages, and sometimes even to read them. Maged N. Kamel Boulos, Cito Maramba and Steve Wheeler write that the open wikis produce a process ot Social Darwinism. Untit sentences and sections are ruthlessly culled, edited and replaced if they are not considered fit, which hopefully results in the evolution of a higher quality and more relevant page. Whilst such openness may nvite vandalism and the posting of untrue information, this same openness also makes it possible to rapidly correct or restore a quality wiki page. [7] Editing wiki pages Some wikis have an edit button or link directly on the page being viewed, if the user has permission to edit the page. This leads to an editing page which allows participants to structure and format wiki pages with a simplified markup language, sometimes known as wikitext (for example, starting a line of text with an asterisk often sets up a bulleted list). The style and syntax of wikitexts can vary greatly among iki implementations,[example needed] some of which also allow HTML tags. Wik is favour plain-text editing, with fewer and simpler conventions than HTML, for indicating style and structure. Although limiting access to HTML and Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) of wikis limits user ability to alter the structure and formatting of wiki content, there are some benefits. Limited access to CSS promotes consistency in the look and feel, and having JavaScript disabled prevents a user from implementing code that may limit other users access. MediaWiki syntax Equivalent HTML Rendered output Take some more [[tea]], the March Hare said to Alice, very earnestly. Ive had nothing yet, Alice replied in an offended tone, so I cant take more. You mean you cant take less? said the Hatter. Its very easy to take more than nothing. Take some more tea, the March Hare said to Alice, very earnestly. Ive had nothing yet, Alice replied in an offended tone, so I cant take more. You mean you cant take less? said the Hatter. Its very easy to take more than Wikis can make WYSIvWG editing available to users, usually by means of JavaScript or n ActiveX control that translates graphically entered format ting instructions into the corresponding HTML tags or wikitext. In those implementations, the markup of a newly edited, marked-up version of the page is generated and submitted to the server transparently, shielding the user from this technical detail. However, WYSIWG controls do not always provide all of the features available in wikitext, and some users prefer not to use a WYSIvWG editor. Hence, many of these sites offer some means to edit the wikitext direc y Some wikis keep a record of changes made to wiki pages; often, every version of the page is stored. This means that authors can revert to an older version of the page, should it be necessary because a mistake has been made or the page has been vandalized. Many implementations, like MediaWiki, allow users to supply an edit summary when they edit a page; this is a short piece of text summarising the changes. It is not inserted into the article, but is stored along with that revision of the page, allowing users to explain what has been done and why; this is similar to a log message when making changes to a revision-control system. Navigation Within the text of most pages there are usually a large number of hypertext links to ther pages. This form of non-linear navigation is more native to wiki than structured/formalized navigation schemes. That said, users can also create any number of index or table-of-contents pages, with hierarchical categorization or whatever form of organization they like. These may be challenging to maintain by hand, as multiple authors create and delete pages in an ad hoc manner. Wikis can provide one or more ways to categorize or tag pages to support the maintenance of such index pages. Some wikis have a backlink feature, which displays all pages that link to a given page. It is typical in a wiki to create links to pages that do not yet exist, as a way to invite others to share what they know about a subject new to the wiki. Linking and creating Links are created using a specific syntax, the so-called link pattern (also see CURIE). Originally, most wikis[citation needed] used CamelCase to name pages and create links. These are produced by capitalizing words in a phrase and removing the spaces between them (the word CamelCase is itself an example). While CamelCase makes linking very easy, it also leads to links which are written in a form that deviates from he standard spelling. To link to a page with a single-word title, one must abnormally capitalize one of the letters in the word (e. g. WiKi instead of Wiki). CamelCase- based wikis are instantly recognizable because they have many links with names such as TableOfContents and BeginnerQuestions. It is possible for a wiki to render the visible anchor of such links pretty by reinserting spaces, and possibly also reverting to lower case. However, this reprocessing of the link to improve the readability of the anchor is limited by the loss of capitalization information caused by CamelCase reversal. For example, RichardWagner should be rendered as Richard Wagner, whereas PopularMusic should be rendered as popular music. There is no easy way to determine which capital letters should remain capitalized. As a result, wikis now have free linking using brackets, and some disable CamelCase by default. Searching Most wikis offer at least a title search, and sometimes a full-text search. The scalability of the search depends on whether the wiki engine uses a database. Some wikis, such as PmWiki, use tlat tiles. [8] MediaWikis tirst versions used tlat tiles, but it as rewritten by Lee Daniel Crocker in the early 2000s to be a database application. Indexed database access is necessary for high speed searches on large wikis. Alternatively, external search engines such as Google Search can sometimes be used on wikis with limited searching functions in order to obtain more precise results. History Main article: History of wikis Wiki Wiki Shuttle at Honolulu International Airport WikiWikiWeb was the first wiki. 9] Ward Cunningham started developing WikiWikiWeb in Portland, Oregon, in 1994, and installed it on the Internet domain c2. com on March 25, 1995. It was named by Cunningham, who remembered a Honolulu International Airport counter employee telling him to take the Wiki Wiki Shuttle bus that runs between the airports terminals. According to Cunningham, l chose wiki-wiki as an alliterative substitute for quick and thereby avoided naming this stuff quick- Cunningham was in part inspired by Apples HyperCard, which he had used before but which was single-user. 12] Apple had designed a system allowing users to create virtual card stacks supporting links among the various cards. Cunningham developed Vannevar Bushs ideas by allowing users to comment on and change one nothers Cunningham says his goals were to link together the experiences of multiple people to create a new literature to document programming patterns, and to harness peoples natural desire to talk and tell stories with a technology that would feel comfortable to those not used to authoring . 12] Wikipedia became the most famous wiki site, entering the top ten most popular websites in 2007. In the early 2000s, wikis were increasingly adopted in enterprise as collaborative software. Common uses included project communication, intranets, and documentati on, initially for technical users. Some companies use wikis as their only collaborative software and as a replacement for static intranets, and some schools and universities use wikis to enhance group learning. There may be greater use of wikis behind firewalls than on the public Internet. On March 15, 2007, the word wiki was listed in the online Oxford English Dictionary. [14] Implementations Wiki software is a type of collaborative software that runs a wiki system, allowing web pages to be created and edited using a common web browser. It may be implemented as a series of scripts behind an existing web server, or as a standalone pplication server that runs on one or more web servers. The content is stored in a file system, and changes to the content are stored in a relational database management system. A commonly implemented software package is MediaWiki, which runs Wikipedia. See the List of wiki software for further information. Alternatively, personal wikis run as a standalone application on a single computer. WikidPad is an example. Or even single local HTML file with JavaScript inside like Tiddlywiki. Wikis can also be created on a wiki tarm, where the server side sottware is implemented by the wiki farm owner. PBwiki, Socialtext, Wetpaint, and Wikia are popular examples of such services. Some wiki farms can also make private, password-protected wikis. Note that free wiki farms generally contain advertising on every page. For more information, see Comparison of wiki farms. Trust and security Controlling changes Recent changes redirects here. For the Wikipedia help page, see Help:Recent changes. History comparison reports highlight the changes between two revisions of a page. Wikis are generally designed with the philosophy of making it easy to correct mistakes, rather than making it difficult to make them. Thus, while wikis are very pen, they provide a means to verify the validity of recent additions to the body of pages. The most prominent, on almost every wiki, is the Recent Changes page†a specific list numbering recent edits, or a list of edits made within a given time frame. [1 5] Some wikis can filter the list to remove minor edits and edits made by automatic importing scripts (bots). [16] From the change log, other functions are accessible in most wikis: the revision history shows previous page versions and the diff feature highlights the changes between two revisions. Using the revision history, an editor can view and restore a previous ersion of the article. The diff feature can be used to decide whether or not this is necessary. A regular wiki user can view the diff of an edit listed on the Recent Changes page and, if it is an unacceptable edit, consult the history, restoring a previous revision; this process is more or less streamlined, depending on the wiki software used. [17] In case unacceptable edits are missed on the recent changes page, some wiki engines provide additional content control. It can be monitored to ensure that a page, or a set of pages, keeps its quality. A person willing to maintain pages will be arned of modifications to the pages, allowing him or her to verify the validity of new editions quickly. [18] A watchlist is a common implementation of this. Some wikis also implement patrolled revisions, in which editors with the requisite credentials can mark some edits as not vandalism. A flagged revisions system can prevent edits from going live until they have been reviewed. [19] Trustworthiness Critics of publicly editable wiki systems argue that these systems could be easily tampered with, while proponents argue that the community of users can catch malicious content and correct it. ] Lars Aronsson, a data systems specialist, summarizes the controversy as follows: Most people, when they first learn about the wiki concept, assume that a Web site that can be edited by anybody would soon be rendered useless by destructive input. It sounds like ottering tree spray cans next to a grey concrete wall. The only likely outcome would be ugly gr affiti and simple tagging, and many artistic efforts would not be long lived. Still, it seems to work very well. [9] High editorial standards in medicine have led to the idea of expert-moderated wikis. 20] Some wikis allow one to link to specific versions of articles, which has been seful to the scientific community, in that expert peer reviewers could analyse articles, improve them and provide links to the trusted version of that article. [21] Noveck points out that participants are accredited by members of the wiki community, who have a vested interest in preserving the quality of the work product, on the basis of their ongoing participation. On controversial topics that have been subject to disruptive editing, a wiki may restrict editing to registered users. 22] Security The open philosophy of wiki allowing anyone to edit content, does not ensure that every editors intentions are well-mannered. For example, vandalism (changing wiki content to something offensive or nonsensical) can be a major problem. On larger wiki sites, such as those run by the Wikimedia Foundation, vandalism can go unnoticed for some period of time. Wikis, because of their open access nature, are susceptible to intentional disruption, known as trolling. Wikis tend to take a soft- security[23][unreliable source] approach to the problem of vandalism; making damage easy to undo rather than attempting to prevent damage. Larger wikis often employ sophisticated methods, such as bots that automatically identify and revert andalism and JavaScript enhancements that show characters that have been added in each edit. In this way vandalism can be limited to Just minor vandalism or sneaky vandalism, where the characters added/eliminated are so few that bots do not identify them and users do not pay much attention to them. [24][unreliable source] The amount of vandalism a wiki receives depends on how open the wiki is. For instance, some wikis allow unregistered users, identified by their IP addresses, to edit content, whilst others limit this function to Just registered users. Most wikis allow nonymous editing without an account,[25] but give registered users additional editing functions; on most wikis, becoming a registered user is a short and simple process. Some wikis require an additional waiting period before gaining access to certain tools. For example, on the English Wikipedia, registered users can rename pages only if their account is at least four days old. Other wikis such as the Portuguese Wikipedia use an editing requirement instead of a time requirement, granting extra tools after the user has made a certain number of edits to prove their trustworthiness and usefulness as an editor. Vandalism of Wikipedia is common (though policed and usually reverted) because it is extremely open, allowing anyone with a computer and Internet access to edit it, but making it grow rapidly. In contrast, Citizendium requires an editors real name and short autobiography, affecting the growth of the wiki but sometimes helping stop vandalism. Edit wars can also occur as users repetitively revert a page to the version they tavor. Some wiki software allows an administrator to stop such edit wars by locking a page from further editing until a decision has been made on what version of the page ould be most appropriate. [6] Some wikis are in a better position than others to control behavior due to governance structures existing outside the wiki. For instance, a college teacher can create incentives for students to behave themselves on a class wiki they administer, by limiting editing to logged-in users and pointing out that all contributions can be traced back to the contributors. Bad behavior can then be dealt with in accordance with university policies. [8] Potential malware vector Malware can also be problem, as users can add links to sites hosting malicious code. For example, a German Wikipedia article about the Blaster Worm was edited to include a hyperlink to a malicious website. Users of vulnerable Microsoft Windows systems who followed the link would be infected. [6] A countermeasure is the use of software that prevents users from saving an edit that contains a link to a site listed on a blacklist of malware sites. 26] Communities Applications The English Wikipedia has the largest user base among wikis on the World Wide Web[27] and ranks in the top 10 among all Web sites in terms of update] Other large wikis include the WikiWikiWeb, Memory Alpha, Wikivoyage and Susning. nu, a Swedish-language knowledge base. Medical and health-related wiki examples include Ganfyd, an online collaborative medical reference that is edited by medical professionals and inv ited non-medical experts. [7] Many wiki communities are private, particularly within enterprises. They are often used as internal documentation for in-house systems and applications. Some companies use wikis to allow customers to help produce software documentation. [29] A study of corporate wiki users found that they could be divided into synthesizers and adders of content. Synthesizers frequency of contribution was affected more by their impact on other wiki users, while adders contribution frequency was affected more by being able to accomplish their immediate work. [30] In 2005, the Gartner Group, noting the increasing popularity of wikis, estimated that they would become mainstream collaboration tools in at least 50% of companies by update] Wikis can be used for project management. 32][33] [unreliable source] Wikis have also been used in the academic community for sharing and dissemination of information across institutional and international boundaries. 34] In those settings, they have been found useful for collaboration on grant writing, strategic planning, departmental documentation, and committee work. [35] In the mid-2000s, the increasing trend amongst industries toward collaboration was placing a heavier impetus upon educators to make students proficient in collaborative work, inspiring even greater interest in wikis being used in the classroom. 6] Wikis have found some use within the legal profession, and within government. Examples include the Central Intelligence Agencys Intellipedia, designed to share nd collect intelligence, dKospedia, which was used by the American Civil Liberties Union to assist with review of documents pertaining to internment of detainees in Guantanamo Bay;[36] and the wiki of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, used to post court rules and allow practitioners to comment and ask questions. The United States Patent and Trademark Office operates Peer-to-patent, a wiki to allow the public to collaborate on finding prior art relevant to examination of pending patent applications. Queens, New York has used a wiki to allow citizens to ollaborate on the design and planning of a local park. Cornell Law School founded a wiki-based legal dictionary called Wex, whose growth has been hampered by restrictions on who can edit. 22] WikiNodes WikiNodes are pages on wikis that describe related wikis. They are usually organized as neighbors and delegates. A neighbor wiki is simply a wiki that may discuss similar content or may otherwise be of interest. A delegate wiki is a wiki that agrees to have certain content delegated to that wiki. [37] One way of finding a wiki on a specific subject is to follow the wiki-node network from iki to wiki; another is to take a Wiki bus tour, for example: Wikipedias Tour Bus Stop. Participants The four basic types of users who participate in wikis are reader, author, wiki administrator and system administrator. The system administrator is responsible for installation and maintenance of the wiki engine and the container web server. The wiki administrator maintains wiki content and is provided additional functions pertaining to pages (e. g. page protection and deletion), and can adjust users access rights by, for instance, blocking them from editing. [38] Growth factors A study of several hundred wikis showed that a relatively high number of administrators for a given content size is likely to reduce growth;[39] that access controls restricting editing to registered users tends to reduce growth; that a lack of such access controls tends to fuel new user registration; and that higher administration ratios (i. e. admins/user) have no significant effect on content or population growth. [40] Conferences Conferences and meetings about wikis in general include: The International Symposium on Wikis (WikiSym), a conference dedicated to wiki research and practice in general. RecentChangesCamp, an unconference on wiki- related topics Conterences on specitlc wiki sites and applications include: Atlassian Summit, an annual conference for users of Atlassian software, including Confluence[41] RegioWikiCamp, a semi-annual unconference on regiowikis, or wikis on cities and other geographic areas. [42] SMWCon, a bi-annual conference for users and developers of Semantic MediaWiki. [43] TikiFest, a frequently held meeting for users and developers of Tiki Wiki CMS Groupware. [44] Wikimania, an annual conference dedicated to the research and practice of Wikimedia Foundation rojects like Wikipedia. Rules Wikis typically have a set of rules governing user behavior. Wikipedia, for instance, has a labyrinthine set of policies and guidelines summed up in its five pillars: Wikipedia is an encyclopedia; Wikipedia has a neutral point of view; Wikipedia is free content; Wikipedians should interact in a respectful and civil manner; and Wikipedia does not have firm rules. Many wikis have adopted a set of commandments. For instance, Conservapedia commands, among other things, that its editors use B. C. rather than B. C. E. when referring to years prior to the common era and refrain rom unproductive One teacher instituted a commandment for a class wiki, Wiki unto others as you would have them wiki unto you. [8] Legal environment Joint authorship of articles, in which different users participate in correcting, editing, and compiling the finished product, can also cause editors to become tenants in common of the copyright, making it impossible to republish without the permission of all co-o wners, some of whose identities may be unknown due to pseudonymous or anonymous editing. 6] However, where persons contribute to a collective work such s an encyclopedia, there is no Joint ownership if the contributions are separate and distinguishable. [46] Despite most wikis tracking of individual contributions, the action of contributing to a wiki page is still arguably one of Jointly correcting, editing, or compiling which would give rise to Joint ownership. Some copyright issues can be alleviated through the use of an open content license. Version 2 of the GNU Free Documentation License includes a specific provision for wiki relicensing; Creative Commons licenses are also popular. When no license is specified, an implied license to read and add content to a wiki may be deemed to xist on the grounds of business necessity and the inherent nature of a wiki, although the legal basis for such an implied license may not exist in all circumstances. citation needed] Wikis and their users can be held liable for certain activities that occur on the wiki. If a wiki owner displays indifference and forgoes controls (such as banning copyright infringers) that he could have exercised to stop copyright infringement, he may be deemed to have authorized infringement, especially if the wiki is primarily used to infringe copyrights or obtains direct financial benefit, such as advertising revenue,

Menesetueng Alice Munro Essay Example

Menesetueng Alice Munro Essay Example Menesetueng Alice Munro Essay Menesetueng Alice Munro Essay The beginning of the story starts fifth a short piece of poetry by Alameda Joint Roth -The narrator is introduced as wanting to reconstruct Lambdas life, he/she introduces Alameda and her book of poetry Offerings to the reader The narrator provides a description of Lambdas appearance , and talks about the death of Lambdas family and her love of poetry The narrator describes how life was In the 19th century In Canada West (Ontario) The narrator then gives a list of some of Lambdas poem and speaks of what they may mean The narrator reveals he/she ivies in the same area as Alameda The Evident is introduced, which is the town newspaper, the narrator uses this to learn more about Alameda Pearl Street (poor community) is introduced, along with Queen Aggie a drunken women who is harassed by boys from Pearl SST. Much of the same way Alameda Is later on 2. Rising Action: At this point the narrator has faded into the background and we feel as if Alameda is speaking to us Jarvis Polluter is introduced, the widower and a wealthy business man who lives two lots down from Alameda, he Is the initial love interest of Alameda Jarvis and Alameda are seen talking, in the Palette, this Is mentioned In The Evident, and rumors spread that they may be a couple The narrator talks about how Alameda would like to marry Jarvis, but because of the time she must wait for him to indicate his interest The narrator introduces the doctor, who prescribes sedatives and nerve medicine to Alameda for her sleeplessness ( Alameda avoids the nerve medicine as it gives her vivid dreams) The doctor believes that if Alameda were to get married her problems would be over, despite the fact that nerve medicine Is commonly given to aired women 3. Climax: Alameda decides to make grape jelly one day, but falls asleep.. He wakes up when she hears a women being beaten and chased from Pearl Street, but soon renders back Into unconscious In her half-awake state she hears an Imaginary bird tell her to go move that wheelbarrow, and when Alameda looks outside she discovers a women against her fence ( perhaps Queen Aggie) Thinking the wome n is dead, she runs to Jarvis Polluters house to help her with the women, he discovers the women is simply drunk and behaves callously towards her. Alameda is sickened by his behavior ND the womens Jarvis who thought of Alameda as independent and confident lady, sees the desperation and vulnerability in her and finally shows his Interest and asks her to accompany him to church When Alameda returns to her home, she realizes 4. Falling Action: She feels she is too sick to go to Church with Jarvis, and writes a note for him and sticks it to her door She makes herself some tea and puts a few drops of nerve medicine inside it The medicine starts to affect Alameda and the room comes to life , she is so caught up in her hallucination nothing seems real anymore Her grape Jelly begins to fall over the dove and her blood starts to drip, but she decides to let go of her sanity, because now she is free (from society) She has an epiphany in her delusional state She realizes she does not want Jarvis or to conform to societies expectations, and the only way to escape is to lose touch with reality She decides to write a poem of all her experiences and names it Messenger 5. Denouement: The ending is told entirely through two clippings from The Evident and some present day commentary from the narrator The first clipping describes the decline f Lambdas mental health and the circumstances of her death, she had been chased by boys and men from Pearl Street, and Jumped into a river and caught pneumonia The second newspaper clipping mentions Jarvis death exactly a year after Lambdas death The narrator describes going to Lambdas grave and how people make connections with historical clues such as The Evident The story ends of with the narrator confessing that he/she is not sure if anything in Lambdas life happened the way they had described , as all the evidence had come from historical sources Character There are only five characters in this short story The protagonist of the story is Alameda Joint Roth, a 19th century woman, she is a poet There is Jarvis Polluter, this character helps Alameda develop and reach a realization There is the doctor, he is a minor character , a foil character since he adds irony to Lambdas situation There is Queen Aggie, also another minor character but she foreshadows Lambdas death at the end of the story There is the narrator, whose perspective the story is told through, their identity and gender remains a mystery There is also society who is not a character, but society is the root of Lambdas conflicts making society the antagonist We only know that Alameda is a developing and dynamic character because she changes throughout the story, but we do not know this about any of the other characters since we are not given the opportunity to glimpse into their thoughts and feelings Setting remains the same but time changes Alameda exists in the 19th century, while the narrator in present time about a century later in looking back at Lambdas life Despite the fact that the place remains the same, there is a large difference in how society is .. The narrator speaks of this on many accounts Even though the story bounces back and forth among two different periods, the place stays the same. The use of the same physical setting helps to add accuracy to the narrators story since the narrator can say specific details about the town in Lambdas time and compare them to details that can be seen in the narrators own time. Ex: The house is still there today; the manager of the liquo r store lives in it. 2. Time: -story bounces back and forth between two time periods, the sass, when the narrator is talking and the sass, mainly 1879 when the main action of the story egging 3. Weather Conditions: summer, really hot, heat brings anger Quote: Hot weather brings accidents too. More horses run wild then, upsetting buggies. Hands caught in the wringer while doing the washing, a man lopped in two at the sawmill, a leaping boy killed in a fall of lumber at the lumber yard. Nobody sleeps well -weather later on adds to Lambdas illusions 4. Social Conditions: Alameda: lives alone -writes poetry to occupy her time -a respectable woman around town Local Color: Lambdas house faces two streets The population is young 5. Mood or Atmosphere: In the beginning, narrator tells us about Lambdas family and how they moved into the new town -Narrator then speaks about the death of her family, which gives a depressing atmosphere Point of View The narrative process in this story is very complex There is Third Person Omniscient Limited ( limited to the protagonist) . The author only chooses to reveal Lambdas thoughts and feelings to the reader. There is First person, we find out later that this story may not truly be what had happened in Lambdas life but that the narrator was attempting to recreate Lambdas life and s it is told in the perspective of the narrator. Often the narrator fades into the background, and it seems as if we are truly watching Alameda speak, feel and experience her life. Conflicts: Alameda faces both internal and external conflicts Person VS. Society: Her biggest struggle is against society and her place in society as a woman. She does not want to conform to societys expectations, this is external Person Vs. Herself: She has to battle against herself in order to break free, she realizes the only way to do this is to let go of her sanity, this is internal Person Vs. Fate: Alameda loses her entire family, and lives in isolation, this is external Themes: There are three large themes in the short story Messenger 1) Womens Role in Society Alameda does not meet the expectations of a typical 19th century women, she is not married, lives alone, and works. Women are portrayed as the more inferior sex , EX. He first time Jarvis shows interest in Alameda is when he can see sense her vulnerability 2) Isolation She is isolated from society since she does not meet the expectation that society has for women She has no close friends and has lost all her fam ily ) Illusion VS. Reality The narrator is not reliable in piecing together Lambdas life, he/she guessed things on many accounts After taking her medicine Alameda is unsure what is real or not The reader is never sure what is true or not Literary Criticism- Feminist: -This method of literary criticism uses feminism as primary method to criticize, it allows for readers to describe and analyze the ways in which literature reinforces male domination, and how women view themselves. -This story cannot be analyzed without looking at the time period it takes place in, this story has two different time roods, one in the 19th century and another in the 20th century. Takes place in a time when first-wave feminism had begun, it was the notion that women were people Traditionally women were mothers, wives, daughters.. Not an unmarried poet Jarvis Polluter first shows interest in Alameda when he is able to view her body and when she seems vulnerable Lambdas experiences were not significant because she was not a typical woman of the 19th century. Alameda allows herself to lose touch with reality in order to escape from society Has the plot structure that a tragedy would follow In a tragedy usually the main character has a fatal flaw which will lead to his/her downfall, what makes the story a tragedy is that usually the character themselves have good intentions and are trying to bring about good or reach a goal, but either through unusual circumstances or a direct result of their flaw the character will fail or die. In Lambdas case , her flaw was that she did not conform to societies expectations, which led her to letting go of her sanity Right from the beginning the story takes a tragic turn, the protagonist has no friend or family Each section of the Tory begins with a poem by Alameda, this w ay despite the story being told by the narrator the reader feels more connected to Alameda and her thoughts The way the narrator describe Alameda and her life, is tragic she is never happy She does not succeed in marrying Jarvis Polluter, she is isolated from society, She finally finds happiness in her insanity, which is also tragic -She dies tragically, it starts with her mental health declining and she is chased by men/boys From Pearl SST and Jumps into a river; this is where she catches pneumonia and eventually dies.

Bandipur - A Quaint Town of Nepal

Bandipur - A Quaint Town of Nepal Bandipur is one of the most beautiful towns, where there is a living museum of Newari culture. A village where there is a crowning ridge and its main street lined with the traditional row houses. There is a lot of preserved Newari cultures with the cafes and lodges. It is famous for historical temples with the attractive 18th century architecture and outdoor dining which has got distinctly European feel. Bandipur is a hilltop town which is located in Tanahu District, Gandaki zone of Nepal. Bandipur is famous for the preserved, old time cultural atmosphere. It has increasingly dragged the attention of tourist. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census, it had a population of 9952 people residing in 1929 individual households. Bandipur was the trade by Newari traders from Bhaktapur in the Kathmandu valley. There are many places which can be visited in Bandipur Bazaar. Like the famous historical Temple khadga Devi which is one of the most revered temples in Bandipur. It is opened once in a year on the day of Phulpati during the festival of Dashain. Another famous place is the Bindabasini temple which is located on the main bazaar area and it is constructed in the pagoda style. On the New Year the Newari community worship this goddess and wish to be happy for the upcoming future. There are also many temples like Chandithan, Mahalaxmi temple, Narayan Temple etc. the other places like Tundikhel, surrounding areas, Paharpani Mahadev, Purano kot and Tandrang Tundrung are some of the most beautiful places makes Bandipur the most attractive one. Bandipur is also famous because we can experience our old culture which has been lost in this 21st century and to enjoy the natural beauty of Nepal and lifestyle of the ethnic newar community. It also allow us to observe how people are living in such situation where there is no such technology available. It provides the quality accommodation in hotels and resort in Bandipur. Those who are the budget travelers, home stay is available in several old newar homes that provide bed and breakfast. Bandipur is most important place for tourist to visit. ETHNIC NEWARI COMMUNITY IN BANDIPUR As, Many Newari people lives in Bandipur they have their own cultural values, norms, tradition, rules and regulations. Newari community distinct from all the other ethnic groups of Nepal. Newars are from linguistic and cultural community. In Bandipur, the Newars are primarily farmers and traders as the Bandipur valley had the fertile land which are mainly suitable for rice cultivation and also trade between India and China. The culture used in newar is called Nepal bhasa, commonly known as Newari and has its own rich literature. The people living in Bandipur are Buddhist who follow their main religion Buddhism. The highest class is obviously the priest classes that are Shakya and Bajracharya. The people living in Bandipur follows all the traditions which are included in Newari Community. In Bandipur, the people celebrates all the festival very joyfully and lovingly. The main Festival is Dashain when they worship the goddess Durga. In Newar community, all the people love to get together with their relatives and friends. They like to have the feeling of the belongings, brotherhood and friendships. Mostly the newar community people like to have alcohols like beer, the special drink named CHYANG which is made by the rice and another special drink THO. These types of drinks are served in the special occasions like get-together and other festivals like Dashain, Tihar etc. in each and every special occasion they celebrate and throw a party called BHOJ. The main type of party is Sukuli Bhoj. One of the most special festivals of Newari community is Indra Jatra which is celebrated by worshipping the living Goddess Kumari where the God Ganesh and the god Bhairav are also worshipped. It is one of the most special festivals celebrated among the Newari community. In this festival mainly, the Kumari are from the Shakya community. There are many foods which are mainly made in the special occasion like Bara, Samaya baji, Chhoela, Chatamari etc. These are mainly famous in Bandipur Bazaar where each and every famous dishes are prepared by every restaurants. Every tourist like to taste the special dishes in Bandipur. The women there prepare delicious foods which is loved by every visitors. In Bandipur there are lots of Riverside so the fishes are also special called sukeko maccha. These all are the special dishes which are really delicious and good for the health. And lots of the tourist love the food which are famous in Newari community. OBJECTIVES To know about social factor and economic environment. To fulfil the requirement for field, visit according to the curriculum. To perform a survey regarding to topic. To enhance personal skills. To create mass awareness. To empower youth forces for creating social engagement. To add awareness among the youths on importance of technical skill sets for individual growth. To arrange pre-program orientation to village students. To study the nature, scope, extension and magnitude of case work in the organization. METHODOLOGIES: Survey Survey is the act to examine some specific purpose and to inspect or consider the reviews and survey research is the collection of data attained by asking individuals questions by direct contact with peoples, through questionnaire or through online. Conducting survey is the primary research, where first step is to collect the first hand data. The information collected may also be accessed subsequently by other parties in secondary research. Survey research is used to gather the opinions, beliefs and feelings of selected groups of individuals, often chosen for demographic sampling. These demographics include age, gender, ethnicity or income levels. Common types OD surveys include interviews and questionnaires, which comprises of multiple choice questionnaires, opinions and polls. Now-a-days questionnaires are distributed through mails surveys, group administered questionnaires or in -person drop-offs. Interviews can be hold in person or over the phone and are often a more personal for m of research than questionnaires. Survey research is used academia, government and business. Governments use research surveys to learn about their population to help better serve its citizens, while political candidates use survey research to gauge the preferences and opinions of voters. In academic, surveys are applied in fields like demographics, statistics and social research. Field Visit A field trip is an excursion which is carried out for educational and observational purpose such as museum, a factory, or a historical site. It is an expedition as by group of students or research works, to study something at first hand. It is a trip away from the classroom to permit the gathering of data at first hand. Field visit is very important for the students and for every peoples life. Students are likely have an educational experience that they never could have had in the classroom. Field trips help students interact with what they are learning. The experience goes beyond reading about a concept; students are able to see it, manipulate it or participate in it physically. Students are able to see elements with their eyes rather than reading about it and believing what they are told because its in print. Visiting a farm and milking a real cow is much more powerful than reading about milking a cow. Field trips provide entertainment for students. They often serve as a powerful motivator for students, stirring up excitement as the trip nears. Breaking away from the routine provides kids with a refresher that might make them more focused back in the classroom. Learning and fun make a great combination. Field trips take the book learning from the classroom and extend it to life. Students often question the importance of topics they study in class. While field trips take a great deal of work and energy, broadening the horizons of the students is worth it. In our country ever school should organize educational tours so that it can practically enhance the skill of students. Observation Observation is one of the process of methodologies which is most essential while preparing report. Observation is a systematic data collection approach. Researchers use all their senses to examine people in natural settings or naturally occurring situations. Observation of a field setting involves: prolonged engagement in a setting or social situation. There are six types observation which are required for every report making. These observation helps to define our objective and what we have we observed through the activities. The main types of observation are listed below: Casual and scientific observation: An observation with the casual involves observing the right thing at right place and also at the right time by a matter of chance or by luck whereas a scientific observation means the use of the tools of the measurement. Natural Observation: In this type of observation no efforts are made to bring any type of change in the behavior of the observation. It involves the behavior in the normal setting in this type of observation. Subjective and Objective observation: All the observation contains the two main components which are subject and the object. The subject refers to the observer whereas the object refers to the activity or the type of operation which is being observed. Direct and Indirect observation: In direct method of observation the persons come to know how the observer is physically present in which type of situation is he present. Here indirect observation involves studies of mechanical recording by some of other means like electronic or photographic. Controlled and Non Controlled observation: Controlled observation means the type of observation in which some of the external forces influence and such observation rarely lead to some of the improvement in the precision research results. Non controlled observation are made in the natural environment and reverse to the controlled observation. Activities Three places were selected as the sites of the field visit conducted by college management: Ghale gaun, Bandipur, Gorkha. Due to the heavy rainfall we could not visit Ghale gaun and Gorkha because of high risk of landslide. In this field visit, I was assigned to do various activities for the student welfare in Bandipur village. I got chance to expose my talent, skill and knowledge fulfilling the curriculum requirement of our course. As field visit is very important for every student life and every students should go in different places every year. In Bandipur, first day we went to silkworm industry. There we learned the process of how silk is made and what are the different stages for producing silk. We also learned about the products made out of silk which is one of the source for the economic activities in that village. Second day, we went to shree bhanu primary secondary school where we set up library for the student, painted the classroom and distributed them with the new notebooks which are required for the studies. We conducted various activities which are related with entertainment and studies. We also conducted basic hygiene classes including techniques for brushing, washing hands and personal cleanness. We were also involved in recreational activities with the student by engaging them in outdoor games like football and different ice-breaking games. In simple words, it can be said that theory without practice is empty and practice without theory is meaningless. Learning An important part of learning is writing down the findings, experiences, ideas, and other thoughts during the course in a so-called learning report. A learning report thus supports your professional learning and personal growth. Our visit to bandipur village taught us a great deal about the miserable lives of the students residing there. In this field visit I learned many things on various factor which are the social factor and the economic factor of the people living in that valley. As the social factor includes the factors which affects the lifestyle such as religion, family or wealth. These can change over time. In Bandipur the social factor has influenced individual personality, attitudes and lifestyle. When we talk about the growth of a country, we take various factors into consideration and education is one of them. Being a part of this educational visit, I was given a chance to teach and interact with the village children. In bandipur, I went to shree bhanu higher secondary school of Bandipur where I came to know that there is only one private school and many government school. There is less education facilities and most of the time children are demotivated to attend school on regular basis because of distance. The lack of basic equipment and facilities necessary in schools is also a major drawback. We visited to silk worm industries and learn the process of how silk is manufactured. The primary aim of this visit was to create a knowledgeable and empowered rural Nepal through education and as a student this helped me gain a lot of knowledge and new experiences. We even distributed new textbooks to the students there to enable them study. Infrastructure also plays a very significant role in the learning process. None of us can study in untidy surroundings. So to take a step forward towards this we painted the rural classrooms and gave them a completely new look so as to create an environment and bring in the students the enthusiasm to study. It was altogether an amazing and wonderful experience that was very knowledgeable. CONCLUSION After conducting the survey, I get to understand more about the education and knowledge about small scale industries. In Bandipur, we visited silk worm industry and other educational institution. There are different industries that runs with in purpose to accomplish certain tasks or to achieve the goals. Every industries have its own structure and each members are assigned with their roles according to their experience and qualifications. In Bandipur, we also visited shree bhanu secondary primary school which was established in 1950s. There is only one private school and different government school. The lack of equipment and education facilities is a major drawback which bring obstacles in development of bandipur. Lack of proper transportation facilities demotivate the children to go school in regular basis. There is no proper connectivity from one place to another. But with the proper implementation of government plans and local participation there can be increment of progressive changes. Hence, it was a great pleasure to do social activities at Bandipur as it was favorable place for our report.

Champagne and its Origins Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Champagne and its Origins - Essay Example Champagne was produced in order to be served to only noble and royal people all throughout the 17th to the 19th century and only after this period did it begin to circulate around the world and be used by other sections of society as well. Gradually, more and more people began consuming champagne; the middle classes thrived and tried to move themselves to the upper sections of society, and the use of champagne helped them achieve a similar status. With the help of better packaging and advertising, the drink began to reach a wider market or more number of people and was used at parties, festivities and any other kind of celebratory events by different kinds of people. From even before the 5th century began, it was found that Romans had planted a number of vineyards in and around the Champagne region of France, leading to the production of a vast variety of grapes which later came into use for the purpose of fermentation and formation of alcohol. A number of these vineyards were grown in churches as the wine was used for religious purposes too. The climate in this northern region was also suitable for viticulture or study and production of grapes and made a difference to the kind of wine that was being produced. The people in the southern regions of France soon also started to develop and undertake the production of grapes for the purpose of producing wine and champagne however the results they achieved brought about a difference in colour and taste due to the difference in temperatures. The oldest existing proof of the production of champagne, from grapes and wine, dates back to the famous ‘Blanquette De Limoux’. This was made in the year 1531 by Benedictine Monks in the Abbey of Saint Hilaire near Carcassonne. After this, many methods were applied in the process of fermentation and famous people like Dom Perignon produced some of the finest champagnes introduced to the world. The creation of champagne is a scientific process which was perfected by physicists’ world over; fermentation was perfected by adding sugar and other substances in order to make the champagne taste sweeter. Dom Perignon also made a few inventions like the making of the muselet for the purpose of holding the cork to create pressure in fermentation on the drink and thus perfect it further. It was also only bottled after the process of fermentation was completely over, just like the proper rural method to create it. Well within the 19th century, the production of champagne broke into the figures of millions of bottled being produced all over the world each year. Champagne production requires at best at least one and a half years getting a good bottle of the sparkling wine. Methode Champenoise is known as one of the most traditional methods of obtaining and producing champagne. First, fermentation is allowed to take place within the bottle. This is the process where a catalyst acts upon the grape solution and converts it into an alcoholic beverage for the purpose of consumption. It is said that the amount of fermentation that takes place makes an effect on the drink; an older and more fermented drink is said to have better taste and structure than anything fairly newer. A second round of fermentation takes place within the bottle with an addition of substances like some grams of yeast and rock sugar after which a long time is required for the flavour to pull and settle inside the bottle. It

LEED certification Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

LEED certification - Essay Example Employees of the organization are also encouraged to be practicing green practices. This is in line with the dedicated areas of recycling such as in the storage of bikes in locker rooms for those employees who cycle to work due to the renovation created.In the process of renovating the warehouse, about 20% of the materials that were used in its construction were obtained from regional products while another 20% comprised of recycled materials. Subsequently, other additional sustainable features of the building include brick walls that are highly insulated, plumbing fixtures that are low in their flow, permeable pavers, sustainably resourced wood, furnishings, and low VOC materials. In other aspects, green practices were promoted through the partnerships that the company has had with The Arbor Day Foundation. In this partnership, every purchase of a toy from Radio Flyer would require the planting of a tree. These aspects led to the LEED certification of the company. For instance, in t ransporting its products, the company is sustainably conscious through the partnership it has had with the SmartWay Transport Partnership of the US Environmental Protection Agency; thus, ensuring that the movement of their products is done in a clean and most efficient way (Cottrell 25).The organization now attributes the attainment of sustainable green practices to be affiliated to the hiring of new staff. It is considered as a significant selling point for the company in the hiring and retaining of new talent.

Smoking Is Bad for Our Health Essay Example for Free

Smoking Is Bad for Our Health Essay Almost 50 years ago, evidence began to accumulate that cigarette smoking poses an enormous threat to human health. More than 30 years ago, initial reports was made began meticulous documentation of the biologic, epidemiologic, behavioral, pharmacologic, and cultural aspects of tobacco use. The present report, an examination of the methods and tools available to reduce tobacco use, is being issued at a time of considerable foment. The past several years have witnessed major initiatives in the legislative, regulatory, and legal arenas, with a complex set of results still not entirely resolved. This report shows that a variety of efforts aimed at reducing tobacco use, particularly by children, would have a heightened impact in the absence of countervailing pressures to smoke. Besides providing extensive background and detail on historical, social, economic, clinical, educational, and regulatory efforts to reduce tobacco use, the report indicates some clear avenues for future research and implementation. It is of special concern to derive a greater understanding of cultural differences in response to tobacco control measures. Since racial and ethnic groups are differentially affected by tobacco, elimination of disparities among these groups is a major priority. Perhaps the most pressing need for future research is to evaluate multifocal, multichannel programs that bring a variety of modalities together. For example, school-based education programs are more effective when coupled with community-based initiatives that involve mass media and other techniques. As pointed out in our report, a combination of behavioral and pharmacologic methods improves the success rate when managing nicotine addiction. Synergy among economic, regulatory, and social approaches has not been fully explored, but may offer some of the most fruitful efforts for the future. It also provides the preliminary data on new statewide, comprehensive tobacco control programs, which offer great promise as new models for tobacco control and combine multiple intervention modalities. Although all aspects—social, economic, educational, and regulatory—have not been combined into a fully comprehensive effort, it is exciting to contemplate the potential impact of such an undertaking to eventually ensure that children are protected from the social and cultural influences that lead to tobacco addiction, that all smokers are encouraged to quit as soon as possible, and that nonsmokers are protected from environmental tobacco. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT It is our great privilege to express our gratitude to our creator Allah (SWT) for such great opportunity to be in touch with this report and came to know the present condition of smoking in these following days. We also have to put our heartened feelings and gratitude for the kindness and assistance that was provided to us to complete our assigned report as on the topic and such way you assigned us.In preparing the proposed report we have taken great assistance support and guidance from the persons of our group, the information you gave as our faculty and website. Table of Content 1. Introduction 2. Real situation 3. Real situation of Bangladesh 4. Tobacco Smoking Prevalence, Total and by Gender Bangladesh, 1995-2010 5. Given statistics 6. Show a table 7. A chart 8. Tobacco Production in Bangladesh 9. Smoking Damage 10. Quitting statistics 11. Economic and Opportunity cost 12. Social cost 13. Recommendations 14. Conclusion Introduction: Smoking is the inhalation of the smoke of burning tobacco encased in cigarettes, pipes, and cigars. Casual smoking is the act of smoking only occasionally, usually in a social situation or to relieve stress. A smoking habit is a physical addiction to tobacco products. Many health experts now regard habitual smoking as a psychological addiction, too, and one with serious health consequences. Real Situation in all over the world: About 2.0 billion people smoke all around the world. The World Health Organization states that global prevalence is 48% for adult males and 12% for adult females, about 1/3 of the adults worldwide, making about 2.0 billion smokers around the world including child smokers. Percent of Population that Smokes by Gender: 22.3 percent are male smokers. 17.4 percent are female smokers. Smoking Statistics by Age: Ages 18 to 24 years 22 percent, ages 25 to 44 years 22.8 percent, ages 45 to 64 years 21 percent, ages 65 and over 8 percent. Smoking Statistics by Race: Blacks are 19.8 percent, American Indians are 36.4 percent, Asians are 9.6 percent, Hispanics are13.3 percent and Whites are 21.4 percent. Smoking Statistics by Education Level: 44 percent of adults with a GED diploma, 33 percent of adults with 9 to 11 years of education, 11 percent of adults with an undergraduate college degree, 6 percent of adults with a graduate college degree Smoking Statistics by Poverty Status: 28.8 percent of adults who smoke live below the poverty level and 20.3 percent of adults who smoke live at or above the poverty level. Number of People Who Start Smoking Each Day: Even with what we know today about the health effects of smoking and the dangers associated with it people continue to start smoking. There are many reasons people start smoking and none of them are good. Each day, nearly 1,000 kids under the age of 18 will start smoking on a daily basis. Eighteen hundred adults, 18 and over, will also start smoking on a daily basis. Smoking situation in Bangladesh: Smoking is an increasingly prevalent habit in Bangladesh, particularly among men. In the past 10-15 years cigarette consumption has more than doubled. In Bangladesh 43.3% of adults (41.3 million) currently use tobacco in smoking and 44.7% of men, 1.5% of women, and 23.0% overall (21.9 million adults) currently smoke tobacco. 26.4% of men, 27.9% of women, and 27.2% overall (25.9 million adults) currently use smokeless tobacco. BDHS 2007 found 60 percent of Bangladeshi men smoke cigarettes and 20 percent consume other forms of tobacco. Although rural men are more likely (62 percent) to smoke cigarette than urban men (54 percent), urban smokers tend to smoke more cigarette per day (42 percent)smoke 10+ cigarette in the past 24 hours) than their rural counterparts (21 percent smoke 10+ cigarette in the past 24 hours). Population (Million) Population(Age Limit)| 1975| 2000| 2025| 2050| All adults, ages 15+ Female adults| 73.115 35.210| 84.249 40.127| 151.428 74.103| 207.054 100934| All youth, ages 0-14 Female youth| 50.457 24.523| 53.190 25.855| 59.344 28.965| 58.368 28.561| Tobacco Smoking Prevalence, Total and by Gender Bangladesh, 1995-2010 Tobacco Production in Bangladesh: Cigarette production and consumption patterns in Bangladesh were examined and the health, nutritional, and economic consequences of these patterns was assessed. Consumption of cigarettes and biri, hand-made tobacco rolls, is increasing. Annual per capita consumption of cigarettes, taking into account all males and females over the age of 15, is 350 cigarettes. Previously conducted surveys of 2 villages indicated that 67% of the males and 1% of the females, over the age of 15, smoked 1 or more cigarettes or biri each day. Cigarette, bidi, chewing, hookah, cigar, cheroot, snuff, natu, burley etc. are the various types of tobacco grown in different parts of the country. Each month approximately 1500 million cigarettes and 3000 million biri are produced. 57% of all commercially produced cigarettes are manufactured by 1 company, which is affilated with the British American Tobacco interest group. Biri are generally produced in cottage industries. Cigarette production is expected to increase by 40%. The cigarette industry is not labor intensive and it provides only a small number of jobs for the population. 123,000 acres of land are currently devoted to the production of tobacco. This constitutes a serious loss of land which might otherwise be used to raise needed rice. It is estimated that the annual rice production loss attributable to the use of land to raise tobacco is equal to 1/2 of the countrys yearly food grain deficit. Regional variation is also notable in men’s cigarette smoking: 73 percent in Sylhet division to 45 percent in Barisal division; 66 percent in Dhaka, 62 percent in Chittagong, 57 percent in Rajshahi and 52 percent in Khulna. Cigarette smoking in men found to have an inverse co-relation with education attainment: 73 percent with no education to 39 percent with secondary complete and higher; 63 percent in primary incomplete and 53 percent in secondary in complete. Similarly wealth quintile reversely influences men’s cigarette smoking: 71 percent in lowest quintile and 46 percent in highest quintile; 65 percent in second, 62 percent in middle and 60 percent in fourth quintiles. Area | Number of Company Card holders | Number of other growers in tobacco cultivation| Total number of growers in tobacco cultivation | Kushtia (Daulatpur upazila) | 11689 (90%) | 1266 | 12955 | Kushtia (Mirpur Upazilla | 8437 (91%) | 796 | 9233 | Bandarban (Lama upazila) | 5754 (98%) | 79 | 5833 | Bandarban (Ali Kadam upazila) | 1149 (97%) | 37 | 1186 | Cox’sbazar (Chakaria Upazilla) | 3008 98%) | 65 | 3073 | Market Share by Cigarette Manufacturer, 1999-2010: BAT Bangladesh 60% Other domestic 32% Imports 8% Health Effects of Smoking Statistics: Smoking is the leading cause of many different health issues within our society. Many types of cancers, heart disease, and lung diseases have been directly linked to smoking. For every person who dies from a smoking related disease, 20 more suffer from at least one serious illness related to smoking. 1 out of 5 people die each year from smoking. Over 400,000 people die each year from smoking related illnesses. Nearly 50,000 nonsmokers die annually from secondhand smoke exposure. Cigarette smoke contains about 4,000 different chemicals which can damage the cells and systems of the human body. These include at least 80 chemicals that can cause cancer (including tar, arsenic, benzene, cadmium and formaldehyde) nicotine (a highly addictive chemical which hooks a smoker into their habit) and hundreds of other poisons such as cyanide, carbon monoxide and ammonia. Every time a smoker inhales, these chemicals are drawn into the body where they interfere with cell function and cause problems ranging from cell death to genetic changes which lead to cancer. Risk factors of smoking: People take up smoking for a variety of reasons. Young people are especially vulnerable because of pressure from their peers and the image that smoking is clever, cool or grown-up. Just trying a few cigarettes can be enough to become addicted. Many people say that smoking helps them to feel more relaxed or cope with stress but nicotine is a stimulant not a relaxant, so it doesn’t help stress. What people are describing is more likely to be relief from their craving or withdrawal symptoms. Smoking Damage: There are hundreds of examples and volumes of research showing how cigarette smoking damages the body. For example, UK studies show that smokers in their 30s and 40s are five times more likely to have a heart attack than non-smokers. Smoking contributes to coronary artery disease (atherosclerosis or hardening of the arteries) where the heart’s blood supply becomes narrowed or blocked, starving the heart muscle of vital nutrients and oxygen, resulting in a heart attack. As a result smokers have a greatly increased risk of needing complex and risky heart bypass surgery. Smoking also increases the risk of having a stroke, because of damage to the heart and arteries to the brain. If someone smokes for a lifetime, there is a 50 per cent chance that your eventual death will be smoking-related half of all these deaths will be in middle age. Smoking and Lung problem: Smoking does enormous damage to the lungs, especially because these tissues are in the direct firing line for the poisons in smoke. As a result there is a huge increase in the risk of lung cancer, which kills more than 20,000 people in the UK every year. US studies have shown that men who smoke increase their chances of dying from the disease by more than 22 times. Women who smoke increase this risk by nearly 12 times.Lung cancer is a difficult cancer to treat long term survival rates are poor. Smoking also increases the risk of the following cancers: * Oral * Uterine * Liver * Kidney * Bladder * Stomach * Cervical * Leukemia Even more common among smokers is a group of lung conditions called chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or COPD which encompasses chronic bronchitis and emphysema. These conditions cause progressive and irreversible lung damage, and make it increasingly difficult for a person to breathe. Harm to children from Smoking: Smoking in pregnancy greatly increases the risk of miscarriage, is associated with lower birth weight babies, and inhibits child development. Smoking by parents following the birth is linked to sudden infant death syndrome, or cot death, and higher rates of infant respiratory illness, such as bronchitis, colds, and pneumonia. Smoking and young people: Smoking is particularly damaging in young people. Evidence shows people who start smoking in their youth aged 11 to 15 are three times more likely to die a premature death than someone who takes up smoking at the age of 20. They are also more likely to be hooked for life. Nicotine, an ingredient of tobacco, is highly addictive – it takes on average on about six cigarettes before nicotine receptors in the brain are switched on, generating a craving for nicotine which may continue for the rest of the person’s life. In less than one packet of cigarettes, a person’s brain can be changed forever from that of a non-smoker to a nicotine addicted smoker. Although the health risks of smoking are cumulative, giving up can yield health benefits, regardless of the age of the patient, or the length of time they have been smoking. Quitting Smoking Statistics: Nearly 70 percent of smokers want to quit smoking altogether. Approximately 40 percent of smokers will try to quit this year. About 7 percent will succeed at quitting smoking their first try. That may sound like a small number but it is over 3 million people. 3 to 4 percent of people who quit smoking will do it cold turkey. If we join a proper smoking-cessation service, using all available help including medication and counseling, your chances of quitting may be as high as one in three (compared to just three per cent if you go it alone). Many smokers are lead to believe that quitting smoking is impossible. That is ridiculous! We have it in our right now to quit smoking we just need to believe. Yes, it is going to be tough and we will face challenges but thats true for anything worth obtaining in life. No one starts smoking to become addicted to nicotine. It isnt known how much nicotine may be consumed before the body becomes addicted. However, once smoking becomes a habit, the smoker faces a lifetime of health risks associated with one of the strongest addictions known to man. About 70% of smokers in the United States would like to quit; in any given year, however, only about 3.6% of the countrys 47 million smokers quit successfully. Although specific genes have not yet been identified as of 2003, researchers think that genetic factors contribute substantially to developing a smoking habit. Several twin studies have led to estimates of 46-84% heritability for smoking. It is thought that some genetic variations affect the speed of nicotine metabolism in the body and the activity level of nicotinic receptors in the brain. Causes and Consequences of smoking: Tobacco usage accounted for 4.1% of the global burden of ill-health in 2000. Much of this burden was due to an increase over the previous decade of tobacco-related illnesses in developing countries. Almost 4.9 million deaths in 2000 were attributed to tobacco usage (Ezzati et al., 2002). According to a recent study on smokers, the average loss of life expectancy per tobacco related illness in India was estimated at 20 years, with middle-aged smokers having twice the death rates than non-smokers (Gajalakshmi et al., 2003). Thus, tobacco usage results in loss of life – and in turn productivity – during the active years of experienced workers. Economic and Opportunity cost: The study in Bangladesh identifies and compares the economic costs and opportunity cost of tobacco consumption with a view to providing economic data to frame tobacco control policy. More specifically it provides an estimation of opportunity costs (costs necessitated by tobacco usage that could otherwise have yielded greater benefit) incurred because of ill-health attributable to tobacco usage. Accounting includes the costs borne by the health system to treat tobacco-related illnesses, and out-of-pocket costs borne by the household of the person afflicted by these illnesses. These two items make up the direct costs. To this is added the cost to the economy due to premature death and disabilities, or the indirect costs. The initial task was to identify the types of illnesses that can be attributed to tobacco usage, although the etiology of the illnesses is not exclusive to tobacco. The list of illnesses varies from country to country due to different habits for tobacco usage (Peto et al., 1992). In this study, eight illnesses were selected as they are consistent with tobacco usage in all regions of the world. These are given below: * lung cancer, cancers of the mouth and larynx * stroke and ischemic heart diseases (IHD) * chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (Murray and Lopez, 1996). Studies in the People’s Republic of China and India have shown that tobacco contributes to the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis. Buerger’s Disease occurring primarily among heavy smokers. Here, tobacco-related illnesses are all those that have been associated with tobacco usage. A portion of the prevalence of the illnesses can be attributed to tobacco usage. Thus the main interest of this study is to estimate the opportunity costs imposed by occurrence of illnesses directly caused by tobacco usage are poor and work bare feet in wet soil condition, has been shown to be a source of disease burden in Bangladesh and other developing countries. Having identified the illnesses, the study compared the total cost of tobacco usage to zero usage. The difference between these costs would represent the magnitude of the problem. The calculation of annual costs followed the cross-sectional, or prevalence-based, approach for cost of illness studies. This estimates actual costs as a function of all illnesses related to current and past smoking. Costs were calculated using standard guidelines on economic â€Å"cost benefit† analysis. All costs attributable to tobacco-related illnesses were deemed excess medical costs Consumption of tobacco is addictive and can therefore be seen as an unwarranted cost. The opportunity costs of tobacco-related illnesses included: * private expenditures (out-of-pocket or insurance) of patients on medical care, e.g., drugs, medical examination, hospitalization, and transportation to health centers * cost of the public health care system * loss of potential income and investment opportunities due to illness and consequent working disability or termination of working life by premature death. * The first two components are the direct costs to the patients and the health care system. * The third component constitutes the indirect cost of illness to individuals and society. The measurement of the total annual cost of tobacco-related illnesses to the economy involves the estimation of: * the relative risk of the eight selected diseases with respect to tobacco the proportion of tobacco users having any of the diseases; * the prevalence rates of the eight diseases attributable to tobacco usage–the probability that one of them would befall a tobacco consumer, derived from the ratio of tobacco users having any of the eight illnesses compared to the proportion of tobacco users in the economy; * the average cost of private treatment of individual patients; * the average hospital cost (inpatient and outpatient) of treatment of individual patients; * the average indirect cost from the loss of working days and income of both the patient and the attendant family members due to the treatment; * average indirect cost from the loss of income owing to disability or early demise caused by the illness. * Methods and analytical framework * Impact of Tobacco-related Illnesses in Bangladesh * The sum of the average costs , weighted by the rate of prevalence of tobacco-related illness, yields an estimate of the expected average cost of illnesses attributable to tobacco usage. To obtain the expected total cost of illness, the average cost needs to be multiplied by the total population. Thus the following basic economic cost structure for each illness will be calculated for each year. Objectives: The objective of the study was to obtain information on the economic costs of illnesses resulting from tobacco usage in Bangladesh. It entailed calculating the opportunity costs borne by the government attributable to tobacco related illnesses, and an analysis of the extent to which these may frame tobacco control policy. The specific objectives were to determine: * the prevalence of tobacco usage; * the prevalence of tobacco-related illnesses; * utilization of health services (in a partial way); * hospital costs borne by the health system due to tobacco-related illnesses; * out-of-pocket expenditure of households, either when(6) deaths and disabilities due to tobacco-related illnesses; * the impact of second-hand smoking; and * benefit of tobacco consumption for the economy. Using the above criteria we attempted to test the following hypotheses: * tobacco-related illnesses impose substantial costs to the society; * total expenditure (household out-of-pocket, health system and indirect costs) exceeds total income (public and private) earned from, domestic consumption of tobacco; and * the cost of tobacco usage is disproportionately high for the poor. The prevalence of tobacco-related diseases and the average private and public costs of treating them were estimated using data collected in 2004 from various sources, including a national household survey, hospital costs and patient surveys (from three public medical college hospitals and one private one), and an expert survey that determined the survival rate and quality of life after occurrence of the diseases attributable to tobacco. These data were supplemented by others from the institutes that provide specialized care for the diseases. On the other hand, a major reason that tobacco consumption has not been considered as a cost has been the concern of policy-makers in poorer countries of losing tax revenues from sales of tobacco products (including surpluses which are normally seen as benefits in welfare economics), as well as wages earned through the production of tobacco. The study therefore adopted a mixed approach while the tax and wages associated with tobacco consumption and production were seen as benefits the producer and consumer surpluses from domestic consumption were discounted as they stem solely from addictive consumption and cause damage to health. In the United States of America, the direct costs of treatment of illnesses directly attributed to tobacco usage accounted for 0.46% to 1.15% of gross domestic product (GDP). This is the actual expenditure in a given year. In the United Kingdom, these costs amounted to 0.13% of GDP, while those in Canada ranged from 0.12% to 0.56% of GDP. Similar ranges were found in Australia. The only comprehensive study from any developing country , carried out in China, showed that direct costs amounted to 0.43% of GDP. Social cost: Social costs included the indirect costs of morbidity and premature mortality, as well as direct medical costs. While social costs averaged 1.4% to 1.6% of GDP in the USA and Canada, the China study showed a higher figure of 1.7% (In 2000) While directly not accounted in the cost calculations in any of the studies mentioned above, the effects of tobacco consumption on poor populations are significantly higher than for other income groups. Taking education as proxy for income levels, data from both developed and developing countries suggest that poor people consume more tobacco products than people in higher income groups in nearly all regions of the world. In the United Kingdom, the least educated people smoke three times more than the highest educated group, and this rate is up to seven times more in some developing countries. The risk of death from tobacco usage is also related to income. A study in Canada determined the risk of death attributable to smoking to be 5% for high-income earners, rising to 15% for the poorest population group. The effects of high consumption of tobacco in developing countries is compounded by the opportunity costs of consuming other essential items. Studies in several countries observed that up to 17% of household income was being spent on tobacco products (de Beyer et al., 2001). A study in Bangladesh estimated that 10 million people currently malnourished could have an adequate diet if money spent on tobacco were spent on food instead. In developed countries, considerable efforts have resulted in a lower number of smokers, often as a result of banning direct and indirect tobacco advertising, high taxes on tobacco products, the enforcement of laws requiring tobacco-free public and work places, and clear graphic health messages on tobacco packaging. Developing countries, on the other hand, are not only witnessing an increase in tobacco usage; they are also lacking effective legislation, often for the socioeconomic arguments stated above. Based on these arguments, some policy-makers conclude that amount gained as revenue from tobacco exceeds the cost to society due to tobacco use. This study seeks to assess the validity of this view in Bangladesh, a pioneer among countries considering legislation to control tobacco consumption. Household survey: The household survey allowed us to estimate the prevalence of tobacco usage, construct a population disease profile for the age group of 15 years and above, determine out-of-pocket costs incurred for tobacco-related illnesses, and diagnose associated health-seeking behavior. Sampling and cluster selection: The household survey took place from May to July 2004. A representative sample of 2467 households was drawn from six divisions. We made sure that the districts selected had different degrees of accessibility to tertiary health care Facilities: Districts within a 25 kilometer radius from a tertiary health-care facility were considered near and those 25 to 50 kilometers were considered far. Unions or Wards (clusters) were selected randomly from the districts. A total of 59 clusters were selected from 6 divisions that included 11985 young and adult individuals. Impact of Tobacco-related Illnesses in Bangladesh: The household sample is representative of the Bangladeshi population in terms of urban–rural composition, distribution of household expenditure, as well as age composition. For example, youth and infants (those aged below 30) accounted for 63% of the total sample, while the national figure is 64%. The distribution of sample population by age group is shown in. The present study focused on adults aged 30 years and above, who constituted 37% of the sample, because tobacco-related illnesses are observable primarily among people of this age group. Impact of Tobacco related Illnesses in Bangladesh are, * Ischemic heart disease (IHD), stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA), oral cancer, lung cancer * laryngeal carcinoma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) * pulmonary tuberculosis * X-ray: A chest X-ray was performed on any suspected case of lung cancer, COPD or tuberculosis. * Carbon Monoxide Monitor (CO-monitor): In order to corroborate the use of tobacco, a CO monitor was used to measure the ambient air quality and individual CO level. A conversion table was used to determine the CO level in blood (hemoglobin). Recommendations: Despite dissemination and availability of the recommendations on smoking cessation, few countries had taken sufficient action. Therefore, in June 2002, the WHO Tobacco Free Initiative organized a meeting to develop ‘Policy Recommendations for Smoking Cessation for governments, non-governmental organizations and health professionals interested in making public health gains in the short and medium term. The policy recommendations were published in June 2003 and launched during the 12th World Conference on Tobacco or Health in Helsinki, Finland. The recommendation chart is given below: pressure| Companies| People| Government| 1.Adhunik2.Bangladesh 2nd Sub-National Smoke-Free Project organized a Workshop. 3. PROGGA organized a workshop on 17th May,20124. YPSA(Young Power In Social Action) organized a program on May,20105. Bangladesh 2nd Sub-National Smoke-Free Project Workshop† held in Chittagong on 17th to 19th May, 20106. WHO(World Health Org.), BAT, BATA, other Non-governmental org.7. The Anti-tobacco advocacy and campaign. 8. The World No Tobacco Day has been celebrated throughout Bangladesh in befitting manner on 31 May| 1. Banglalink campaign on 15th June, 2012.2. Nokia-Banglalink joint campaign named ‘Ovijaan’ and Ovi internet against smoking.3.Grammenphone4. The Daily Star and Kaler kontho.5. Prothom Aloo organized Anti Tobacco campaign, Bandhushava with the help of DIU.6. Google and anti smoking campaign against tobacco.7. Samsung Electronics leads other companies in the campaign against smoking. 8. The Truth About Tobacco Times of India campaign and workshop against tobacco.9. Radio Today, Bangladesh Betar and other radio TV channel also working against Tobacco.| 1.We should avoid smoking for our own health and environment.2. We should stop smoking among nonresidential area and public places.3. We should avoid smoking before children and young generations.4. We should not smoke too much and encourage other for smoking.5. We should not smoke in school. Colleges and universities. 6. We should follow the tobacco control campaign and avoid smoking.7. We should encourage others to avoid smoking.8. We should follow the rules and regulations of Govt. and other organization against smoking.9. We should avoid smoking in offices and public places.10. We should try to avoid smoking with the help of health agencies and doctors.11. We should aware the local people.12. We can aware the urban and rural people about the consequences of smoking.| 1.Govt. should fund state tobacco control activities at the level recommended by the CDC.2. excise tax rates below the level imposed which states excise tax rates should be indexed to inflation.3. States and localities should enact complete bans on smoking in all nonresidential indoor locations. 4. All health care facilities should meet or exceed JCAHO standards in banning smoking in all indoor areas.5. Colleges and universities should ban smoking in indoor locations.6. State health agencies, health care professionals, and other interested organizations should undertake strong efforts to encourage parents to make their homes and vehicles smoke free.7. All states should license retail sales outlets that sell tobacco products.8. All states should ban the sale of tobacco products directly to consumers.9. Congress should ensure that stable funding is continuously provided to the national quit line network.10. Can increase the high level of prices for tobacco products is an important factor in preventing people.11. Govt. can aware the people about the effect of smoking. 12. Govt. can increase tax among the sales of tobacco.| Recent changes to legislation: In July 2009, further provisions of the Public Health (Tobacco) Acts 2002 and 2004 were commenced. These included * ban on all in-store/point-of-sale advertising of tobacco products. * ban on the display of tobacco products in retail premises. * introduction of a closed container / dispenser provision. * tighter controls on the location and operation of tobacco vending machines, introduction of a retail register. The recommendations propose a broad framework for addressing treatment of tobacco dependence. In this framework, Governments can progressively choose minimal, expanded and core recommendations as they strengthen their resources and capacities. The recommended framework includes a mix of three main strategies: * A public health approach that seeks to change the social climate and promote a supportive environment. * A health systems approach that focuses on promoting and integrating clinical best practices (behavioral and pharmacological) which help tobacco-dependent consumers increase their chance of quitting successfully. * A surveillance, research and information approach that promotes the exchange of information and knowledge so as to increase awareness of the need to change social norms. These are recommendations from WHO and social welfare organization for people and Government also working for prohibiting tobacco. Conclusion: As countries prepare to develop national policy guidelines for the treatment of tobacco dependence, the international community can help by providing a forum for sharing and distributing information, writing up guidelines, reviewing best practices, raising funds and establishing partnerships.